A short introduction to the cellular network and how our mobile communication works

Cellular network

    A cellular network is a radio network distributed radio network over a land area called cells each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as a base station or cell site(mainly located at the center of the cell). Adjacent cell operates on different frequencies to reduce interference. As the number of users increases the cell size should be increased and as the technology increases the cell size increases.

Advantages

·       Increased cover area.

·       Large capacity.

·       Reduce power use.

·       Reduce interference from other signals.

Important terminology in cellular system

·       Cell :- it is  a basic geographical unit of cellular system (hexagonal shape that covers a land area). Its transmitting area(from station) will be only over that range of cell. Each cell has its own antenna.

·       Base station:- it provides direct communication with phone. Each cell Has its own base station. It communicates with each other if there cells where mobiles are there is different. There can be more than one base station in a cell but all the base station would be connected to a single point BSC(Base Station Controller:- it controllers traffic by communication with other base station in in a cell ) . It transfers traffic to MSC

·       Mobile Subscriber Equipment(MSC) :- it help us to routing and switching. It's also known as the heart of cellular network. Arrange BS for mobile communication channels and handle all the connections. It controls the number of cells. It includes HLR and VLR. It controls everything from call connection to the end of the call.

·       Home location register (HLR):-   It’s a database that contains the information of the mobile that belongs to MSC.

·       Visitor location register(VLR) :-  Records visiting  location of each mobile.

The basic architecture of a cellular network

Let’s now think about how a phone call works!

When you speak on your phone it picks up your sound using a microphone, it makes voice to digital signals with help of MEMS and IC and the converted signals will be ones and zeros. After this process antenna transmits the digital signals as electromagnetic waves, The electromagnetic waves cant travel through a long distance and it also can be distracted by hindrances. To overcome the issue of the tower and frequency slots,  each of them is connected through the wires(optical wires)  which were divided as a hexagonal area (cells). This tower converts frequency pulses convert EM waves into light pulses that travel through an optical cable to the down of the tower there will be a base transceiver that amplifies, combines, etc(Base station). These reverse process happens in the receiver's part and both get connected.

stay safe and secure.

                                                 -The Shield Squad(TSS)